Notes

Outline

History of Architecture Interior Design II

Native American Homes Before colonists arrived Simple structures dirt floors no windows no chimneys dark, smoky and crowded

Other influences: Environmental which building materials available type of protection from the elements  available Cultural social organization religious beliefs methods of obtaining  food size of group, family or organization

Native American Homes

Native American Homes Pueblo

Native American Homes

Native American Homes Igloo

American Homes:Roof Styles

American Homes:Roof Styles

American Homes:Roof Styles

American Architectural Styles Seventeenth Century 1640-1720

Early American Period English Settlements 1607 Garrison Saltbox (ell) 1/2 Timbered Cape Cod Building Materials wood (split logs, timbers) thatch roof - bundles of reed or straw clap board shingles - boards with one edge thicker than the other, laid in overlapping rows.

Garrison  House

Saltbox House (ell)

Saltbox John Quincy Adams house in Massachusetts

Half-Timbered The wood frame (timbers) of the house formed part of the outside wall. Spaces between the beans were filled with brick or plaster. Thatched roof -bundles of reed or straw

Cape Cod A house with a simple rectangular design, a central chimney and a pitched roof often called a gable roof.

Early American Period Characteristics steep gables gambrel roof dormers front porch benches Dutch door metal gutters small windows with sliding shutters Building Materials first-wood Later, stone and brick.

Early American Period Characteristics Large rectangular homes entry to first floor kitchen large family room with fire place “hood” between 1st and 2nd floors Building Materials wood quarry stone

Early American Period Characteristics round arches balconies porticos - long covered walkways. Some inner courtyards simple interior flat roofs

Early American Period Building Materials “coquina”-a soft porous limestone composted of shell and coral Adobe Tile for roofs (tera cotta) “stucco” -a plaster made of cement, sand and lime.

Early American Period Characteristics “log” cabin small primitive 1-2 rooms small attic Building Materials wood - logs clay bark moss thatch

Early American Period Characteristics: high, steep roofs (hip) small windows heavy wood shutters

French Settlements adaptations: “galleries” roofed balconies porch with broad roof extending around the house houses often raised and painted white many doors and windows

American Architectural Styles Eighteenth Century 1770-1830

Pilaster Flattened column

Pediment Triangle or arch over a door

Column Large round pole

Cornice    Decorative strip when roof and walls meet.

Fanlight Fan shaped window

Portico    Tall open porch supported by columns at a front entrance

The Georgian Period Named after King George Formal Symmetrical 2-3 stories gable or hip roof large windows (symmetrically placed) central chimney or 1 at each end pilasters pediment cornice

The Georgian Period hip roof large windows (symmetrically placed) pilasters pediment Cornice chimney at each end symmetrical

The Federal Period English influence rectangular design with 1 or more stories a center with “wings” gabled roof often with cornice symmetrical windows FANLIGHT decorative interiors

Federal Period

The Federal Period Roman and Greek influence Similar to Adam Style symmetrical windows fanlight PORTICO often a dome

American Architectural Styles Nineteenth Century 1820-1890

Nineteenth Century Industrial Revolution - manufacturing grew steadily. Mass production - factories could make products in quantity, more people could afford the products thus, raising the standard of living. The wealthy were able to travel and bring ideas to the U.S. from Europe. Because of low wages, many factory workers lived in tenements. (apartment complexes with minimum standards of sanitation, safety and comfort)

The Romantic Revival Period Southern Plantation homes 2 story rectangular symmetrical windows gable roof, wide trim cornice pilasters on corners or across the front columns supporting a porch elaborate entrance

The Romantic Revival Period European features Made of wood Gingerbread - lacy looking cutout wood trimming High Peaks Circular windows with ornamental carved stone

The Romantic Revival Period Italian Villas Often square two stories high wide overhanging hip roof decorative brackets Cornices long narrow windows arched windows crowned with an inverted u-shaped structure

The Victorian Period Second Empire French Influence Mansard Roof Cornices French windows-long which open lengthwise Dormer windows in the top story

The Victorian Period

The Victorian Period Irregular steep roof Ornamental gables Overlapping decorative shingles Wrap-around porches with railings and columns Circular tower extending the height of the structure A variety of decorative work

The Victorian Period

American Architectural Styles Twentieth Century 1880-present

Early 20th Century America experienced one of its most creative and productive times in the history of home design Traditional styles from various cultures and countries were adapted to new ways of living Two basic movements: Traditional and Modern

Early 20th Century Traditional/Period Revival Colonial Revival Tudor Chateauesque Mission Modern Prairie Craftsman International

Period Revival Styles Colonial Revival brought back styles (Georgian, Saltbox and Cape Cod) Door is prominent Decorative Pediment supported by pilasters Symmetrically balanced pairs of windows Double hung sashes

Period Revival Styles Dutch Colonial gambrel roof front porch

Period Revival Styles Tudor Style Half-timbered look steeply pitched gables tall narrow windows small window panes massive chimneys chimney pots stucco, brick and stone

Period Revival Styles Chateauesque Style patterned after French palaces towers turrets ornamental metal cresting elaborate moldings relief carvings arched windows and doorways

Period Revival Styles Mission Style born in California Hispanic heritage fashioned after old Mission churches arched doorways and windows tile roofs parapets - (low walls or railings along balconies) stucco

Modern Styles Prairie Style Frank Lloyd Wright horizontal lines low-pitched roofs overhanging eaves wide porches rows of leaded-glass windows rooms flow into one another

Modern Styles

Modern Styles

Modern Styles Unity Temple Oak Park, Illinois Frank Lloyd Wright 1905

Modern Styles Craftsman Style originated in Southern California low pitched gable roof decorative braces or beams under the eaves Full or partial width porches with the roof supported by columns or pedestals extending to the ground

Modern Styles International Style used design elements drastically different from tradition emphasize function or usefulness simple geometric shapes to for asymmetrical design flat roof smooth exterior walls large expanses of windows

Slide 60

The Mid-to Late 20th Century Innovative Designs A-Frame Geodesic Dome Postwar Modern Ranch Contemporary Spilt-Level Shed

Postwar Modern Ranch Influenced by craftsman and Prairie styles.  1950’s and 1960’s. Picture windows Shutters Patios Courtyards

Postwar Modern   Contemporary    any style that is just coming into being.  In time, contemporary styles may become accepted as part of the Modern Style. 1950’s, 60’s & 70’s Wide eave overhangs Low or flat roofs Exposed beams Contrasting textures Unusual placement and shape of window Fits into the landscape

Contemporary

Postwar Modern Split-Level     Modification of ranch     Horizontal lines     Fits on a smaller lot Bi-level – 2 levels Tri-level – 3 levels Quad – 4 levels

Postwar Modern

Postwar Modern Shed 1960’s Wood shingle Asymmetrical Set back entrance Variation of “sloping” shed roofs

Traditional Influences Borrows features of past styles Does not copy past styles Adapts features of past styles to current lifestyles and tastes Casual

Innovative Designs Breaks all rules of accepted housing designs: A-Frame Geodesic Earth-Sheltered

Innovative Designs Gabled Roof extends to the ground on both sides Usually used for vacation homes Odd interior space created by the design

Innovative Designs

Innovative Designs Earth-Sheltered

Innovative Designs    Solar

Xanadu-the home of tomorrow Constructed of  polyurethane foam insulation

What’s Next? A house made out of old tires!